贵州财经大学学报

贵州财经大学学报 ›› 2026 ›› Issue (03): 49-62.

• 宏观经济 • 上一篇    

灵活就业群体公共和私人养老金参与的替代-互补关系研究——兼论多支柱养老金体系的公平性

曹思远1, 吴欣芸2,3, 薛惠元2,3   

  1. 1. 南京大学 政府管理学院, 江苏 南京 210023;
    2. 武汉大学 社会保障研究中心, 湖北 武汉 430072;
    3. 武汉大学 政治与公共管理学院, 湖北 武汉 430072
  • 收稿日期:2025-07-24 发布日期:2026-05-22
  • 作者简介:曹思远(1997—),女,河北石家庄人,南京大学政府管理学院博士研究生,研究方向为社会保障理论与政策;吴欣芸(1997—),女,湖南怀化人,武汉大学社会保障研究中心、武汉大学政治与公共管理学院博士研究生,研究方向为社会保障理论与政策;薛惠元(1982—),通信作者,男,山东沂南人,武汉大学社会保障研究中心副主任,武汉大学政治与公共管理学院副教授,研究方向为社会保障理论与政策。
  • 基金资助:
    国家社会科学基金一般项目"灵活就业人员多支柱养老保险参保的成本收益及激励机制研究"(项目编号:23BSH047)。

A Study of the Alternative-Complementary Relationship between Public and Private Pension in China-On the Fairness of Multi-pillar Pension System

CAO Siyuan1, WU Xinyun2,3, XUE Huiyuan2,3   

  1. 1. School of Government, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China;
    2. Center for Social Security Studies of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China;
    3. School of Political Science and Public Administration, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
  • Received:2025-07-24 Published:2026-05-22

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摘要： 针对当前灵活就业群体养老保障不充分、不平衡的突出问题,亟须加快构建并完善面向该群体的多支柱养老金体系。区别于既有研究对灵活就业群体公私养老金实然关系的视角欠缺和对多支柱养老金公平性的关注不足,文章从微观个体层面考察了我国灵活就业者公共和私人养老金参与的关系及机制,并探讨了其养老金公平/不公平结果。利用2015年、2017年和2019年中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)数据,发现灵活就业群体公共养老金与私人寿险参与存在互补效应。相较于企业职工基本养老保险,城乡居民养老保险与其私人寿险参与的互补性更强。城乡居民养老保险更倾向于通过当期缴费的挤入和预期待遇的补充促进灵活就业群体私人寿险购买。企业职工基本养老保险更可能通过提高灵活就业群体金融素养正面影响其私人寿险购买行为。中间偏上收入组的城乡居民养老保险参保者是这一互补关系的主要驱动力。公共和私人养老金混合对中低收入灵活就业群体并不友好,但可能提高部分中等收入灵活就业者的养老金预期,缩小不同公共养老金制度群体以及灵活就业与正规就业群体的养老金差距。建议将灵活就业群体纳入"哑铃型"多支柱养老金结构,通过多种举措促进多支柱养老金制度公平。

关键词: 灵活就业群体, 公共养老金, 私人养老金, 多支柱养老金体系, 公平性

Abstract: In response to the prominent problems of inadequate and unbalanced old-age security for the current flexible workers, there is an urgent need to accelerate the development and improvement of a multi-pillar pension system tailored to this group. Distinct from the lack of attention regarding the empirical association of public-private pension for flexible workers and the insufficient attention to the fairness of multi-pillar pension in existing research, this article examines the relationship between public and private pensions among flexible workers and its mechanism from the micro-individual level, exploring its pension fairness outcome. Using data from the 2015, 2017, and 2019 China Household Finance Surveys (CHFS), we found a complementary effect between public pension and private life insurance participation among flexible workers. Compared to the Enterprise Employees’ Basic Pension Insurance (EEBPI), the Urban and Rural Residents’ Basic Pension Insurance (URRBPI) showed a more positive correlation with flexible workers’ private life insurance participation. URRBPI preferred to boost flexible workers’ private life insurance purchase through current contributions and expected benefits, while EEBPI tended to promote it through financial literacy. Upper-middle-income URRBPI enrollers were the primary drivers of the complementary relationship. The mixed public and private pensions were not friendly to low-to-middle-income flexible employment groups, but possibly improved the expected pension for some middle-income flexible workers and narrowed the pension gap between groups covered by different public pension systems, as well as between flexible and formal workers. It is recommended that flexible workers be integrated into the "dumbbell-shaped" multi-pillar pension structure, with various measures implemented to promote fairness in the pension system.

Key words: flexible workers, public pension, private pension, multi-pillar pension system, fairness

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